Catalogue Number
BD-D0212
Analysis Method
HPLC,NMR,MS
Specification
HPLC≥98%
Storage
2-8°C
Molecular Weight
935.11
Appearance
Powder
Botanical Source
Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.
Structure Type
Steroid Saponins and its Sapogenins
Category
Standards;Natural Pytochemical;API
SMILES
CC1C2C(CC3C2(CCC4C3CCC5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C)C)OC1(CCC(C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)OC
Synonyms
timosaponin B-I/Anemarsaponin E/tilivalline/Tilifodiolide/(3β,5β,25S)-26-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-22-methoxyfurostan-3-yl 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranoside/Naphtho(1,2-c)furan-3(1H)-one,8-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-3-furanyl)-1-(3-furanyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-,(1R-cis)/β-D-Galactopyranoside, (3β,5β,25S)-26-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-22-methoxyfurostan-3-yl 2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-
IUPAC Name
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S)-4-[(1R,2S,4S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,16S,18R)-16-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-methoxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosan-6-yl]-2-methylbutoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
Density
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
Solubility
Soluble in Chloroform,Dichloromethane,Ethyl Acetate,DMSO,Acetone,etc.
Flash Point
568.6±34.3 °C
Boiling Point
1016.6±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point
InChl
InChI=1S/C46H78O19/c1-20(19-59-41-38(56)35(53)32(50)28(16-47)61-41)8-13-46(58-5)21(2)31-27(65-46)15-26-24-7-6-22-14-23(9-11-44(22,3)25(24)10-12-45(26,31)4)60-43-40(37(55)34(52)30(18-49)63-43)64-42-39(57)36(54)33(51)29(17-48)62-42/h20-43,47-57H,6-19H2,1-5H3/t20-,21-,22+,23-,24+,25-,26-,27-,28+,29+,30+,31-,32+,33+,34-,35-,36-,37-,38+,39+,40+,41+,42-,43+,44-,45-,46?/m0/s1
InChl Key
FDASUPFDHLZNSK-FCDYBKDVSA-N
WGK Germany
RID/ADR
HS Code Reference
2933990000
Personal Projective Equipment
Correct Usage
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Meta Tag
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No Technical Documents Available For This Product.
29110701
Background
Simple sequence repeats (SSR), also called microsatellites, have been widely used as genetic markers, and have been extensively studied in some model insects. At present, the genomes of more than 100 insect species are available. However, the features of SSRs in most insect genomes remain largely unknown.
Results
We identified 15.01 million SSRs across 136 insect genomes. The number of identified SSRs was positively associated with genome size in insects, but the frequency and density per megabase of genomes were not. Most insect SSRs (56.2−93.1%) were perfect (no mismatch). Imperfect (at least one mismatch) SSRs (average length 22−73 bp) were longer than perfect SSRs (16−30 bp). The most abundant insect SSRs were the di- and trinucleotide types, which accounted for 27.2% and 22.0% of all SSRs, respectively. On average, 59.1%, 36.8%, and 3.7% of insect SSRs were located in intergenic, intronic, and exonic regions, respectively. The percentages of various types of SSRs were similar among insects from the same family. However, they were dissimilar among insects from different families within orders. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis using the SSR frequencies. Species from the same family were generally clustered together in the evolutionary tree. However, insects from the same order but not in the same family did not cluster together. These results indicated that although SSRs undergo rapid expansions and contractions in different populations of the same species, the general genomic features of insect SSRs remain conserved at the family level.
Conclusion
Millions of insect SSRs were identified and their genome features were analyzed. Most insect SSRs were perfect and were located in intergenic regions. We presented evidence that the variance of insect SSRs accumulated after the differentiation of insect families.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4234-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Insect, SSR, Genome features, Phylogenetic analysis, Taxon, Molecular marker
Large-scale analysis reveals that the genome features of simple sequence repeats are generally conserved at the family level in insects
Simin Ding,1 Shuping Wang,2 Kang He,1 Mingxing Jiang,corresponding author1 and Fei Licorresponding author1
2017;
30143964
Introduction
Nonadherence to antihyperglycemic agents (AHAs) increases the incidence of morbidity and mortality, as well as healthcare-related costs, in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study examined the association between medication copayment and adherence and discontinuation among elderly patients with T2D who use generic versus branded AHAs.
Methods
A retrospective, observational cohort study used Medicare administrative claims data (index period: 1 June 2012 to 31 December 2013). Drug copayments were measured as the copayment of the index medication for a 30-day supply after patients met their plan deductible. Patients were stratified into a branded or generic cohort based on the index medication. Adherence was measured by the proportion of days covered (≥ 80%) and discontinuation by a treatment gap of > 60 days in 10 months during the follow-up period. Poisson regressions were conducted for medication adherence and discontinuation, while controlling for demographic, clinical, and comorbid conditions.
Results
Overall, 160,250 patients on AHA monotherapy were included in the analysis; 131,594 (82%) were prescribed a generic and 28,656 (18%) a branded AHA with a mean copay of $6 and $41, respectively. Increases in copayment increased nonadherence and discontinuation for branded medications but not for generic AHA medications. In both cohorts, elderly patients (≥ 75 years of age) had a lower risk of nonadherence and discontinuation. Black patients had a higher risk of nonadherence or discontinuing medication. Patients having more frequent inpatient, emergency room, and/or physician visits were at higher risk of nonadherence or discontinuing therapy in the branded and generic cohorts (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
The impact of drug copayment on adherence and discontinuation varied considerably between branded and generic AHAs. Medicare patients taking branded AHAs had a higher risk of nonadherence with increasing copayment and were more likely to discontinue medication, whereas this association was not observed in patients taking generic medications.
Funding
Merck & Co, Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
Plain Language Summary
Plain language summary available for this article.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s13300-018-0489-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Adherence, Copayment, Medicare, Type 2 diabetes
Effect of Medication Copayment on Adherence and Discontinuation in Medicare Beneficiaries with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Administrative Claims Database Analysis
Manjiri D. Pawaskar,corresponding author1 Liou Xu,2 Yuexin Tang,1 Gary A. Puckrein,2 Swapnil N. Rajpathak,1 and Bruce Stuart3
2018 Oct;
31215156
Background
Timosaponin A‐III (TA‐III) is known to exist in the medicinal herb of Anemarrhena asphodeloides as one of major chemical components.
Aims
The photoprotective properties of TA‐III on UVB‐exposed HaCaT cells were evaluated on the antiwrinkle effects and skin safety in terms of clinical trial.
Methods
The level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and pro‐inflammatory cytokines were measured in HaCaT cells following UVB irradiation. To evaluate the clinical safety of an agent containing 0.25% of TA‐III for use on human skin. Female subjects (n = 21) between the ages of 43 and 55 who met the criteria for subject selection were selected. They were beginning to form or had already formed wrinkles.
Results
UVB irradiation increased MMP‐1 expression and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. These increases were attenuated by TA‐III pretreatment of UVB‐exposed HaCaT cells. We found that the agent containing 0.25% of TA‐III ameliorated skin wrinkling. A comparison between groups showed that wrinkle parameters were significantly reduced after 12 weeks of product use (P < 0.05). According to skin safety result, TA‐III showed no dermatological toxicity was found in participants.
Conclusions
In conclusion, TA‐III could provide protection against photoaging and daily application of TA‐III for 12 weeks significantly reduced signs of facial aging by limiting wrinkle formation.
Anemarrhena asphodeloides, clinical trial, skin wrinkle, timosaponin A‐III
Clinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a timosaponin A‐III‐based antiwrinkle agent against skin aging
A‐Rang Im, PhD, 1 Young Kyoung Seo, PhD, 2 Se Hee Cho, MS, 3 Kyeong Hee O, MS, 4 Ki Mo Kim, PhD, 1 and Sungwook Chae, PhDcorresponding author 1 , 5
2020 Feb
